The systems operate by either absorbing heat inside the building and transferring it outside to cool the building, or vice versa, absorbing heat from outside air and bringing it inside.

Heating and cooling systems in a building are typically designed based on several factors, including the size and layout of the building, its location, the climate in the area, the building's energy efficiency, and the desired level of indoor comfort.

Heating or cooling through conduction typically takes place at the building envelope (the outside walls, windows and doors) where warm or cold air outside causes the molecules of the envelope to increase vibration or decrease vibration which in turn causes a heat loss or gain inside of the building.

A central heating system has a furnace that converts fuel or electricity to heat. The heat is circulated through the building either by fans forcing heated air through ducts, circulation of low-pressure steam to radiators in each heated room, or pumps that circulate hot water through room radiators.